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Early Scots was the emerging literary language of the Northern Middle English speaking parts of Scotland in the period before 1450. The northern forms of Middle English descended from Northumbrian Old English. During this period, speakers referred to the language as "English" (''Inglis'', ''Ynglis'', and variants). Early examples such as Barbour’s ''The Brus'' and Wyntoun’s ''Chronicle'' are better explained as part of Northern Middle English than as isolated forerunners of later Scots, a name first used to describe the ''language'' later in the Middle Scots period. == History == Northumbrian Old English had been established in south-eastern Scotland as far as the River Forth in the 7th century and largely remained there until the 13th century, which is why in the late 12th century Adam of Dryburgh described his locality as "in the land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots" 〔"ラテン語:in terra Anglorum et in regno Scottorum", Adam of Dryburgh, ''ラテン語:De tripartito tabernaculo'', II.210, tr. Keith J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), ''Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages'', (East Lothian, 2000), p. 133.〕 and why the early 13th century author of ''de Situ Albanie'' wrote that the Firth of Forth "divides the kingdoms of the Scots and of the English".〔A.O. Anderson, ''Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286'', 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), v.i, pp. cxv–cxix; see also Dauvit Broun, “The Seven Kingdoms in De Situ Albanie: A Record of Pictish political geography or imaginary Map of ancient Alba”, in E.J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Mediæval Era, (Edinburgh, 2000, rev. 2005), pp. 24–42.〕 Political developments in the 12th century facilitated the spread of the English language. Institutions such as the burghs first established by David I, mostly in the south and east of Scotland, brought new communities into the areas in which they were established. Incoming burghers were mainly English (especially from Northumbria, and the Earldom of Huntingdon), Dutch and French. Although the military aristocracy employed French and Gaelic, these small urban communities appear to have been using English as something more than a ''ラテン語:lingua franca'' by the end of the 13th century, although this may not be surprising as the area south of the Forth in eastern lowland Scotland was already English speaking and had been since Anglo-Saxon times. Although the population of the largest burghs would have been counted in hundreds rather than thousands, radical social shift occurred whereby many Gaels became assimilated into the new social system and its language. The increasing economic influence of the burghs attracted further English, Fleming and Scandinavian immigration. As the economic power of the burghs grew, Gaelic-speakers from the hinterland found it advantageous to acquire a working knowledge of English. The institutional language of the burghs consisted of vocabulary that was Germanic in origin, such English terms as ''toft'' (homestead and land), ''croft'' (smallholding), ''ruid'' (land let by a burgh), ''guild'' (a trade association), ''bow'' (an arched gateway), ''wynd'' (lane) and ''raw'' (row of houses).〔J. Derrick McClure in "The Cambridge History of The English Language" Vol.5 1994 p.29〕 Multi-lingualism and cultural diversity became increasingly the norm after David I. People in one part of the realm could be addressed as "ラテン語:Franci, Angli, Scoti et Gallovidiani" (French, English, Scots and Galloway-men). The end of the House of Dunkeld led to the throne being passed to three families of Anglo-French origin, the Balliols, Bruces and Stewarts. After the death of King Robert I, the kings of Scotland (with the exception of King Robert II) increasingly identified themselves with the English-speaking part of the kingdom. As a result, by the reign of King James I of Scotland, the political heartland of the Scottish king moved from the area around Scone and Perth to the traditionally English area around Edinburgh in the lowlands. By the 14th and 15th centuries, the variety of English () that resulted from the above influences had replaced Gaelic () in much of the lowlands and Norman French had ceased to be used as the language of the elite. By this time differentiation into Southern, Central and Northern dialects had perhaps occurred. Scots was also beginning to replace Latin as a language for records and literature. In Caithness, it came into contact with both Norn and Gaelic. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Early Scots」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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